Copyright

Copyright is a legal right created by the law of a country that grants the creator of original work exclusive rights for its use and distribution. This is usually only for a limited time. The exclusive rights are not absolute but limited by limitations and exceptions to copyright law, including fair use. A major limitation on copyright is that copyright protects only the original expression of ideas, and not the underlying ideas themselves.

Copyright is a form of intellectual property, applicable to certain forms of creative work. Under US copyright law, legal protection attaches only to fixed representations in a tangible medium. The Berne Convention allows member countries to decide whether creative works must be fixed to enjoy copyright. Article 2, Section 2 of the Berne Convention states: “It shall be a matter for legislation in the countries of the Union to prescribe that works in general or any specified categories of works shall not be protected unless they have been fixed in some material form. “  Some countries do not require that a work be produced in a particular form to obtain copyright protection. For instance, Spain, France, and Australia do not require fixation for copyright protection. The United States and Canada, on the other hand, require that most works must be “fixed in a tangible medium of expression” to obtain copyright. U.S. law requires that the fixation be stable and permanent enough to be perceive, reproduced or communicated for a period of more than transitory duration. “Similarly, Canadian courts consider fixation to require that the work be “expressed to some extent at least in some material form, capable of identification and having a more or less permanent endurance.” It is often shared among multiple authors, each of whom holds a set of rights to use or license the work, and who are commonly referred to as rights holders. These rights frequently include reproduction, control over derivative works, distribution, public performance, and “moral rights” such as attribution.

Copyrights are considered a territorial right, which means that they do not extend beyond the territory of a specific jurisdiction. While many aspects of national copyright laws have been standardized through international copyright agreements, copyright laws vary by country.

Typically, the duration of a copyright spans the author’s life plus 50to 100 years (that is, copyright typically expires 50 to 100 years after the author dies, depending on the jurisdiction). Some countries require certain copyright formalities to establishing copyright, but most recognize copyright in any completed work, without formal registration. Generally, copyright is enforced as a civil matter, though some jurisdictions do apply criminal sanctions.

Most jurisdictions recognize copyright limitations, allowing “fair” exceptions to the creator’s exclusivity of copyright and giving users certain rights. The development of digital media and computer network technologies have prompted reinterpretation of these of these exceptions, introduced new difficulties in enforcing copyright, and inspired additional challenges to copyright law’s philosophic basis. Simultaneously, businesses with great economic dependence upon copyright, such as those in the music business, have advocated the extension and expansion of copyright and sought additional legal and technological enforcement.  

प्रतिलिपि अधिकारसंग सम्बन्धित कानून र सन्धि

Ø  नेपालको संबिधान २०७२

Ø  प्रतिलिपि अधिकार ऐन, २०५९

Ø  सरकारी मुद्दा सम्बन्धी ऐन, २०४९

Ø  संक्षिप्त कार्यविधि ऐन, २०२८

Ø  प्रतिलिपि अधिकार नियमावली, २०६१

Ø  साहित्यिक तथा कलात्मक रचनाहरूको संरक्षण गर्न बनेको बर्न महासन्धि, १८८६

Ø  प्रस्तोता, ध्वनिअंकन उत्पादक र प्रसारण संस्थाहरूको संरक्षण गर्ने रोम महासन्धि, १९६१

Ø  WIPO प्रतिलिपि अधिकार सन्धि (WCT),१९९६

Ø  ध्वनिअंकन उत्पादकहरूको ध्वनिअंकनको अनाधिकृत नक्कल विरुद्धको संरक्षण प्रदान गर्ने महासन्धि, १९७१

Ø  WIPO प्रस्तुति एवं ध्वनिअंकन सन्धि(WPPT),१९९६

Ø  व्यापारसंग सम्बन्धित बौद्धिक सम्पत्ति अधिकारका पक्षहरू सम्बन्धी सम्झौता (TRIPS सम्झौता), १९९६

Ø  स्याटेलाइट (ब्रसेल्स) महासन्धि, १९७४

Ø  विश्वव्यापी प्रतिलिपि अधिकार महासन्धि