The Art of Paraphrasing: Avoiding Plagiarism

Paraphrasing is one of the most valuable skills in academic writing. It allows you to use ideas from published research while expressing them in your own voice and maintaining academic integrity. When done well, paraphrasing shows that you understand the material, helps you build stronger arguments, and ensures you avoid plagiarism.

Below is a practical guide to mastering paraphrasing using seven simple steps. Each step includes tips and examples to help you apply the technique with confidence.

Why Paraphrasing Matters

Plagiarism isn’t only about copying text word for word. It also includes borrowing ideas or sentence structures without proper acknowledgment. Paraphrasing helps you avoid this by transforming the original idea into your own expression—while still giving credit to the original author.

Seven Steps for Successful Paraphrasing

1. Read the original a few times

Start by reading the passage until you clearly understand its meaning. You can’t paraphrase well if the idea is still unclear.

Example (original text written for demonstration):
“Effective online learning depends on the ability of students to stay motivated and manage their time well.” (Patel, 2020, p. 45)

2. Put the original passage aside – don’t look at it

Close the book or minimize the screen. This prevents you from copying the structure or vocabulary.

3. Take some notes on the main ideas from memory

Jot down only the key points. For the example above, your notes may look like:

• Online learning success
• Needs motivation
• Requires time management

4. Write your paraphrase – try rearranging ideas in a different order

Turn your notes into a complete sentence using your own style and flow.

Possible paraphrase:
Students succeed in online courses when they stay motivated and organize their study schedules effectively.

5. Check your paraphrase with the original

Compare your version with the source to make sure:

• You didn’t copy phrases accidentally
• You preserved the original meaning
• The sentence structure is different

6. If any phrases are identical to the original, rephrase or put quotation marks around them

If a phrase appears the same as in the original text, change it. If the wording is essential, quote it.

Example of proper use of quotation marks:
Patel (2020) emphasized that successful online learning requires students to “stay motivated and manage their time well” (p. 45).

7. Cite your source according to your required style

Even after paraphrasing, you must cite the source. In APA 7th edition, that means including an in-text citation.

APA 7 paraphrase citation example:
Online learners perform better when they remain motivated and manage their study time effectively (Patel, 2020).

Putting It All Together: A Complete Paraphrasing Example (APA 7)

Original passage (created for illustration):

“Public libraries play a crucial role in reducing inequality by offering free access to information, technology, and learning opportunities.” (Singh, 2019, p. 12)

Effective paraphrase:

According to Singh (2019), public libraries help narrow social gaps by providing open access to information resources, digital tools, and educational programs.

APA reference example:

Singh, R. (2019). Libraries and social equity. Horizon Press.

(Note: This is an illustrative reference for practice.)

Final Thoughts

Paraphrasing isn’t about replacing words with synonyms. It’s about truly understanding the author’s ideas and expressing them in your own way while giving proper credit. With the seven steps above, you can write confidently, protect yourself from plagiarism, and strengthen the quality of your research.

 

Top 10 Free EdTech Tools That Can Transform Learning Overnight

The world of education is changing faster than ever. Classrooms are no longer limited by walls, textbooks, or chalkboards. Today, anyone with an internet connection can access powerful digital tools that make learning more interactive, personalized, and fun. The best part? Many of these tools are completely free.

Here are 10 game-changing EdTech tools that can elevate teaching and learning almost instantly—whether you’re running a classroom, facilitating a workshop, or trying to enhance your own learning.

1. Google Classroom

Google Classroom remains one of the most reliable free platforms for managing assignments, sharing materials, and communicating with students. Because it integrates with Google Docs, Sheets, Drive, and Meet, teachers can streamline their workflow without juggling multiple apps. It’s simple enough for beginners and powerful enough for college-level classes.

Best for: Online and blended classrooms

2. Khan Academy

Khan Academy is a treasure trove of free lessons covering math, science, computing, economics, and more. Its structured courses and built-in practice tasks help learners progress at their own pace. Teachers can track analytics, monitor student progress, and assign specific modules.

Best for: Self-paced learning and concept reinforcement

3. Canva for Education

Canva makes it incredibly easy to create visual learning materials—posters, lesson slides, videos, worksheets, flashcards, and even certificates. The Education version unlocks additional premium features for teachers and students for free.

Best for: Visual learning, presentations, project-based assignments

4. MoodleCloud Free Plan

Moodle is one of the most trusted open-source learning management systems worldwide. MoodleCloud’s free plan allows small classes to run online courses without hosting costs. It’s perfect for educators who want full control over content and assessments.

Best for: Creating complete online courses

5. Quizizz

Quizizz turns assessment into a game-like experience. Teachers can run live quizzes or assign homework modes, and students compete while learning. The platform offers thousands of ready-made quizzes to save time.

Best for: Engagement and real-time assessment

6. Microsoft OneNote Class Notebook

OneNote’s Class Notebook is a powerful digital binder that organizes lessons, class notes, homework, and feedback in one place. The collaborative features allow teachers and students to co-edit pages and share resources effortlessly.

Best for: Collaborative note-taking and digital classroom organization

7. Padlet

Padlet is a simple digital bulletin board where students can post notes, images, audio, videos, or links. It’s great for brainstorming, reflections, group projects, and classroom discussions.

Best for: Collaborative brainstorming and multimedia sharing

8. Edmodo (Free Basic Version)

Edmodo provides a social learning environment where teachers and students can interact, share resources, and participate in online discussions. It’s similar to a Facebook-style classroom, but designed for education.

Best for: Safe communication and community building

9. Duolingo

For language learning, nothing beats Duolingo’s fun, bite-sized lessons. Its gamified approach helps learners build vocabulary and practice pronunciation without feeling overwhelmed.

Best for: Language learning for all ages

10. Open Educational Resources (OER Commons)

OER Commons is a massive library of open educational resources—textbooks, lesson plans, interactive courses, and simulations. Everything is free to use, adapt, and share, making it a fantastic solution for low-budget educational environments.

Best for: Free teaching materials and curriculum development

How These Tools Transform Learning

What makes these tools powerful isn’t just their price—it’s the way they open up new possibilities:

• Personalized learning: Students learn at their own pace.
• Engagement: Game-based and visual tools make lessons more interactive.
• Access: Learners can connect from anywhere, on any device.
• Collaboration: Students work together through shared documents, boards, and discussions.
• Creativity: Teachers can design richer, more dynamic lessons with ease.

In many ways, these tools help level the playing field. They give every learner—whether in a school, rural community, or workplace—an opportunity to experience high-quality digital education.

Final Thoughts

EdTech doesn’t have to be expensive to be revolutionary. With the right mix of tools, educators can transform their teaching style, boost student engagement, and create meaningful learning experiences in just a few days.

 

Future of Digital Libraries: From Archives to Intelligent Knowledge Hubs

Digital libraries have come a long way from their early days as static online repositories. What began as digitized collections of books and documents has rapidly evolved into dynamic, intelligent ecosystems that support learning, research, creativity, and innovation. As technology accelerates, digital libraries are no longer just “places to find information.” They are becoming living knowledge hubs—interactive platforms that think, connect, and evolve with the needs of their users.

In this article, we’ll explore how digital libraries are transforming, the technologies driving this shift, and what the future may look like for learners, educators, researchers, and society at large.

1. From Digitized Archives to Dynamic Platforms

In the early 2000s, most digital libraries simply mirrored physical collections. Their goal was preservation and access: scan manuscripts, upload them, and make them searchable. This was already groundbreaking, especially for rare or fragile materials.

But today’s needs are far more complex. Information grows exponentially, research spans global networks, and users expect instant, multimedia-rich experiences. As a result, digital libraries have transformed from static archives into dynamic knowledge services that combine:

• Full-text searchable databases
• Multimedia content (audio, video, VR, datasets)
• Interactive tools
• Learning modules
• Community engagement spaces

Digital libraries are no longer shelves—they are platforms.

2. AI and Machine Learning: The New Backbone

Artificial intelligence has become the heartbeat of next-generation digital libraries. Instead of merely storing information, AI allows libraries to interpret, recommend, and personalize knowledge pathways.

Key AI-driven features:

• Smart search that understands context, not just keywords
• Recommendation engines that suggest articles, books, and videos
• Automated metadata tagging
• Text recognition (OCR) and translation
• Chatbots for 24/7 user assistance
• Voice-based search interfaces
• Predictive analytics for user interests and trends

With AI, digital libraries don’t just present information—they guide users through it, helping them discover what they didn’t even know they needed.

3. Digital Libraries as Intelligent Knowledge Hubs

The term “knowledge hub” goes beyond storage and access. A knowledge hub:

• Collects information
• Curates it
• Connects it to real-world problems
• Creates pathways for learning
• Enables collaboration

Modern digital libraries now integrate tools like:

• Learning management systems (LMS)
• Research networking platforms
• Open science repositories
• Realtime dashboards for analytics
• Community and discussion forums
• Open data archives

This shift turns digital libraries into interactive knowledge ecosystems that support education, lifelong learning, and interdisciplinary research.

4. The Rise of Open Science and Open Access

Open access is reshaping global scholarship. Researchers no longer want knowledge trapped behind paywalls. Digital libraries are becoming champions of open science through:

• Institutional repositories
• Preprint servers
• Open data platforms
• Citizen science archives
• Collaborative research tools

For developing countries, open access is a critical equalizer—bridging knowledge gaps and enabling global participation in research and innovation.

5. Multilingual and Inclusive Access

The future of digital libraries must be inclusive. With the rise of language technologies, libraries can now:

• Offer content in multiple languages
• Provide real-time translation
• Improve accessibility for readers with disabilities
• Integrate speech-to-text and text-to-speech

This ensures that knowledge is not limited by language, location, or ability.

6. Immersive and Experiential Technologies

As technology matures, digital libraries are starting to adopt immersive experiences:

• Virtual Reality (VR) archives
• 3D visualizations of historical artifacts
• Augmented Reality (AR) learning modules
• Digital storytelling experiences

Such features change how users interact with culture, history, and science—making learning deeper, emotional, and memorable.

7. Strengthening Digital Preservation

The more we digitize, the more we must preserve. Future digital libraries will rely on:

• Cloud storage technologies
• Distributed ledger systems (blockchain)
• Redundant backup architecture
• Long-term format migration strategies

This ensures that cultural heritage and scientific knowledge remain safe for generations.

8. What This Means for the Future

In the coming decade, digital libraries will likely become:

• Intelligent personal learning environments

Tailored reading lists, adaptive learning paths, and AI mentors.

• Collaborative research spaces

Shared tools for writing, annotating, and publishing.

• National and global knowledge infrastructures

Countries will rely on digital libraries for education, governance, and innovation.

• Engines of digital citizenship

Supporting digital literacy, media literacy, and societal transformation.

Digital libraries won’t replace physical ones—they will complement and enhance them. The synergy between digital innovation and human expertise will shape the knowledge society of the future.

Conclusion

The journey from simple digital archives to intelligent knowledge hubs marks one of the most transformative shifts in the history of libraries. As technology advances, digital libraries will continue to expand their role—from preserving heritage to powering education, research, and innovation.

The future belongs to libraries that embrace intelligence, openness, collaboration, and inclusivity. These digital ecosystems will not only store knowledge—they will shape how society learns, thinks, and grows.

  

How AI Is Reshaping Learning: What Students and Teachers Need to Know in 2025

Artificial Intelligence has moved from being a distant idea to something we use every day—often without noticing. By 2025, the impact of AI on education has become impossible to ignore. Classrooms, libraries, homework routines, and even the way students search for information have all changed dramatically.

This article breaks down what’s happening, why it matters, and what both students and teachers should understand to keep up.

1. The New Learning Landscape: More Personalized Than Ever

One of the biggest shifts we’ve seen is personalization. AI-powered systems now analyze how each student learns—what they understand quickly, where they get stuck, and even how long they concentrate.

This allows:

• Adaptive learning platforms (like Khan Academy’s AI tutor, Google’s LearnLM, or personalized LMS systems)
• Custom study plans that adjust in real time
• Instant feedback on writing, quizzes, and problem-solving

Instead of teaching an entire class at one pace, educators can now offer mixed learning pathways at the same time. Students who learn differently finally get the support they need without feeling left behind.

2. Teachers Are Becoming “Learning Designers,” Not Just Lesson Providers

AI isn’t replacing teachers—it’s changing their role.

In 2025:

• Teachers spend less time marking assignments and preparing repetitive worksheets.
• More time goes toward connecting with students, guiding projects, and creating meaningful learning experiences.
• AI assistants help with administrative tasks such as grading, designing quizzes, analyzing classroom performance, and preparing resources.

Think of AI as a super-smart teaching partner that strengthens the teacher’s ability to support every learner.

3. Smarter Classrooms With Real-Time Insights

Classrooms in 2025 are becoming more data-aware. Using analytics from digital platforms, teachers can now see:

• Which students are struggling today—not next month
• Which topics need reteaching
• How much time students spend actually learning
• What resources they use most

This doesn’t mean constant surveillance. It means better information for better decisions, just like how doctors rely on health data to diagnose and treat.

4. AI Is Changing How Students Research and Write

Gone are the days when researching meant digging through dozens of websites manually. AI tools now summarize research articles, explain complex topics simply, and help students find credible sources in seconds.

However, students need new skills too:

• Understanding AI limitations (it can make mistakes)
• Evaluating sources critically
• Knowing how to use AI ethically—not to copy, but to learn

The focus is shifting from collecting facts to thinking critically, asking better questions, and building deeper understanding.

5. The Rise of Multilingual Learning

AI translation tools have become powerful enough to support real-time multilingual learning. Students can:

• Translate textbooks
• Learn from global sources
• Attend online classes with live subtitles
• Study in their mother tongue while accessing global knowledge

For multilingual countries—and for regions with linguistic diversity—this is a game-changer.

6. Libraries Are Transforming Into Digital Knowledge Hubs

Libraries now play a huge role in AI-enabled education. They’re no longer just book repositories—they’re:

• Digital learning spaces
• Places to access AI tools safely
• Training centers for digital literacy
• Knowledge hubs connecting researchers, students, and communities

Librarians are becoming guides who help people navigate AI systems responsibly.

7. New Skills Students Must Learn in 2025

To thrive in this new environment, students need more than content knowledge. They need strong AI-era skills, such as:

• Digital literacy – knowing what information to trust
• Data literacy – understanding basic data patterns
• Prompting skills – asking AI the right questions
• Critical thinking – verifying AI-generated output
• Creativity – using AI as a partner, not a crutch
• Ethical awareness – using technology responsibly

These skills will matter more than memorizing facts.

8. What Teachers Need to Know (and Do) in 2025

Teachers don’t need to become programmers. But they do need a working understanding of how AI affects learning. This includes:

• Learning how to integrate AI tools safely
• Guiding students in digital ethics
• Using data responsibly
• Encouraging mindful use—balancing AI with hands-on learning
• Designing classroom activities that build creativity, collaboration, and analysis
• Staying updated through continuous professional development (CPD)

AI-literate teachers are becoming essential for schools everywhere.

9. Challenges We Must Face Honestly

AI brings huge opportunities, but also real concerns:

• Digital divide: not all students have equal access
• Privacy issues: student data must be protected
• Overreliance: students shouldn’t let AI think for them
• Accuracy: AI can produce confident but wrong information
• Ethical risks: plagiarism, misinformation, and bias

Addressing these challenges requires updated policies, training programs, and strong digital governance.

10. The Future: Human and AI Working Together

The future of learning isn’t about replacing people with machines. It’s about combining human strengths—empathy, judgment, creativity—with AI’s power to analyze, personalize, and support.

In 2025, classrooms that blend the two are already outperforming traditional systems. Students learn faster. Teachers teach better. Schools expand learning opportunities beyond geography and socioeconomic boundaries.

The real revolution isn’t AI—it’s what humans can do with AI.

Final Thoughts

AI is reshaping education at every level. For students, it’s a chance to learn more efficiently and explore the world with fewer barriers. For teachers, it’s an opportunity to focus on what truly matters—mentoring, motivating, and inspiring.

But like any powerful tool, AI must be used wisely. The future of learning will belong to those who combine curiosity, responsibility, and a willingness to grow with the technology.

Ethical Challenges in the Use of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence is becoming a powerful partner in research, education, and everyday digital work. Its ability to process information quickly, generate ideas, and simplify complex tasks has made it increasingly popular across the world. Yet alongside these benefits come several ethical concerns that deserve thoughtful attention. Understanding these challenges is essential for ensuring that AI supports human progress without compromising fairness, quality, or responsibility.

1. Global Data Imbalance

Most large AI models are trained primarily on information from the Global North. This creates a structural imbalance: cultures, languages, and knowledge systems from the Global South remain underrepresented. As a result, AI-generated content often reflects viewpoints and assumptions rooted in Western contexts. For researchers, educators, and policymakers in regions like South Asia or Africa, this can mean receiving outputs that do not fully match local realities. Addressing this inequality requires intentional inclusion of diverse data sources and stronger global collaboration.

2. Declining Critical Thinking

While AI can be a helpful tool for summarizing information or generating drafts, overreliance on it can weaken independent thinking. When users depend on AI for answers without questioning or verifying the content, they risk losing essential skills such as analysis, interpretation, and logical evaluation. In academic and professional settings, this can hinder creativity and reduce the depth of human insight. AI should complement—not replace—the human capacity for critical reflection.

3. The Risk of Misinformation

AI systems do not “understand” information in the way humans do. They predict patterns based on existing data, which sometimes leads to incorrect or completely fabricated facts. These errors, commonly known as hallucinations, can mislead readers if users fail to cross-check sources. Misinformation generated by AI can be especially harmful in fields like health, law, education, or public policy. Responsible use demands careful verification and awareness of AI’s limitations.

4. Authorship and Accountability

Another major ethical issue concerns authorship. AI tools cannot be listed as co-authors on academic or professional work because they cannot take responsibility for the accuracy, originality, or ethical integrity of the output. Only humans can ensure that research meets scholarly standards. This places clear accountability on users—they must verify the content, cite sources properly, and avoid presenting AI-generated text as original work without disclosure.

In conclusion, AI offers remarkable opportunities, but its ethical challenges cannot be ignored. Addressing data inequality, encouraging critical thinking, verifying information, and upholding human responsibility are essential steps toward using AI in a fair and trustworthy way. With mindful practice, we can benefit from AI’s strengths while minimizing its risks—ensuring that technology remains a tool that empowers, rather than replaces, human intelligence.

Smart Digital Tools for Learning, Creativity, and Research: A Practical Guide

In today’s fast-moving digital world, the right tools can make learning, teaching, creating, and researching far more efficient—and a lot more enjoyable. Whether you’re a student, educator, researcher, or a lifelong learner, here’s a friendly guide to some of the most useful platforms available right now. All links are clickable so you can explore them instantly.

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1. Tools for Creative Collaboration & Content Creation

Padlet: Visual Collaboration for Creative Work and Education

If you love working visually, Padlet makes it incredibly easy to create boards, mood walls, idea collections, and collaborative spaces. It’s perfect for classrooms, workshops, and team projects.

OBS Studio: Open Broadcaster Software

Want to record or livestream with full control? OBS Studio is a powerful open-source tool used by educators, gamers, and professionals to create polished video content.

Napkin.AI: Turn Text into Visuals

Have an idea but no design skills? Napkin.AI generates clear and attractive visuals just from your text.

Gamma.app: Effortless Presentations and Web Pages

If you need beautiful presentations, documents, or mini-websites without spending hours designing, Gamma.app is a great choice.

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2. Tools to Make Learning Interactive

Slido: Make Meetings More Engaging

Add polls, Q&A sessions, and quizzes to your events or classes with Slido. It’s one of the simplest ways to spark participation.

Mentimeter: Real-Time Voting and Feedback

With Mentimeter, you can run live polls, collect feedback, or check understanding instantly—great for trainers and educators.

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3. Tools for English Learning and Practice

English Test Store

Improve grammar, vocabulary, and exam skills through hundreds of free tests at EnglishTestStore.net.

International English Test Online

Take comprehensive English assessments anytime through InternationalEnglishTest.com.

NYPL English Practice Resources

The New York Public Library offers a curated list of excellent free English-learning websites. Explore them here:
NYPL English Practice Resources.

EngVid: Learn English for free with video lessons by experienced teachers. Classes cover English grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, IELTS, TOEFL, and more. Join millions of English learners worldwide who are improving every day with engVid.

https://www.engvid.com/

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4. Tools for Research, Writing, and Academic Work

Jenni.AI: Smart Research & Writing Assistant

Generate ideas, structure essays, and refine writing with Jenni.AI.

Paperpal: All-in-One Academic Writing Tool

Paperpal supports reading, writing, editing, and preparing research papers with AI-powered guidance.

Scite.AI: Evidence-Backed Research Answers

Ask research questions and receive verified, citation-based insights using Scite Assistant.

Scholarcy: Summaries and Research Management

Use Scholarcy to summarize papers, analyze content, and organize your reading lists.

Purdue University Writing Lab Resources

For trusted writing guidance, Purdue University offers an excellent collection of materials here:
Purdue Writing Lab.

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5. AI Tools for Productivity, Support, and Translation

ChatGPT: Reliable Generative AI Support

Interact, write, brainstorm, and learn with ChatGPT.

Microsoft Copilot

Get built-in AI assistance across Microsoft tools through Copilot.

Google Gemini

Explore multimodal AI for writing, coding, searching, and more with Gemini.

Oreate.AI: All-in-One AI Workspace

Organize tasks, create content, and collaborate using Oreate.AI.

Wordly.AI: Real-Time Translation & Captions

For multilingual meetings, Wordly.AI provides live translation, captions, transcripts, and summaries.

NotebookLM: Smarter Learning with Gemini

Upload documents, videos, audio, and more to NotebookLM and get summaries, insights, and connections powered by Google’s multimodal AI.

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6. Tools for Safety and Verification

Deepware.AI: Deepfake Detection

Protect yourself from manipulated media by scanning videos with Deepware Scanner.

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Why These Tools Matter

Together, these platforms form a powerful digital ecosystem. They help you:

• Teach or present more interactively
• Learn faster and more effectively
• Conduct research with clarity
• Create content with ease
• Communicate across languages
• Stay safe in a world of AI-generated media

If you explore even a handful of these tools, you’ll notice your productivity rise—and your creative possibilities expand.

Unlocking the Power of Controlled Vocabularies: A Practical Guide for Knowledge Managers in the Digital and Semantic Web Era

 Introduction

As libraries and knowledge institutions evolve into digital-first environments, the need for smarter, more consistent, and better-connected information systems has never been greater. Whether managing a national collection, a university repository, or a specialized research archive, professionals today face the challenge of organizing knowledge in ways that are both human-friendly and machine-readable. This is where controlled vocabularies, thesauri, ontologies, and semantic-web technologies step in.

These tools form the backbone of modern knowledge organization. They help standardize terminology, link related concepts, support multilingual access, and allow systems across the world to communicate seamlessly. With the rise of Linked Data, libraries are no longer isolated information silos—they are active nodes in a global web of knowledge.

This article introduces the key technologies shaping this landscape—from standards like SKOS and formats like JSON-LD, to platforms such as Skosmos and Finto, and query languages like SPARQL. It also explores essential international vocabularies including LCSH, MeSH, AAT, AGROVOC, and EuroVoc, explaining how they enrich cataloging and support advanced discovery.

For knowledge managers in Nepal and around the world, understanding these tools is more than a technical exercise. It is a strategic step toward building interoperable, inclusive, and future-ready information services. By embracing semantic-web practices, libraries can unlock new opportunities for collaboration, innovation, and global visibility—strengthening their role at the heart of the knowledge ecosystem.

 

1. Controlled Vocabulary

A controlled vocabulary is a curated list of terms used to ensure consistency in how information is described.
In libraries, it helps with:

• Standardizing subject headings
• Improving search accuracy
• Linking related concepts

Examples you already know: LCSH, MeSH, AAT, AGROVOC, etc.

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2. Thesaurus & Ontology Service: FINTO

Finto (from Finland) is a web service that hosts and publishes thesauri, ontologies, and vocabularies openly on the web.

Why it matters for libraries:

• Lets you browse and search thesauri online
• Helps you reuse standard vocabularies in cataloging
• Supports linked-data technology (SKOS, RDF)
• Good model for national-level vocabulary services

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3. Publishing Vocabularies using SKOSMOS

Skosmos is an open-source web application used to publish thesauri and vocabularies online.

Libraries use Skosmos for:

• Hosting their controlled vocabularies
• Giving users a friendly interface to browse terms
• Providing APIs for integrating vocabularies into library systems
• Exporting data in SKOS, a standard for thesauri on the semantic web

Think of it as:
“A website tool to publish and provide access to thesauri in a structured way.”

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4. REST API

A REST API allows software systems to communicate over the web.

For library vocabulary services:

• You can search terms programmatically
• Fetch definitions, broader/narrower terms
• Integrate vocabularies into OPACs, digital libraries, or IR systems

Example use:
A digital library can call “Get subject terms” from a thesaurus through a REST API instead of manually typing them.

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5. JSON-LD

JSON-LD (JavaScript Object Notation for Linked Data) is a lightweight format used for sharing linked data.

Why librarians care:

• Makes metadata readable by machines (Google, Wikidata, etc.)
• Connects library data with the wider semantic web
• Works well with vocabularies in SKOS and RDF

Example:
A book record with JSON-LD allows automatic linking to AGROVOC terms or LCSH via URIs.

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6. How Do We Put a Thesaurus on the Web?

You need four components:

Step 1 — Create the thesaurus in SKOS format

(SKOS = Simple Knowledge Organization System; the standard model for thesauri on the web)

Step 2 — Store the data in a triple store (RDF database)

Examples:

• Fuseki
• Virtuoso
• GraphDB

Step 3 — Publish using a tool like:

• Skosmos (most popular)
• VocBench
• Finto (as a service)

Step 4 — Provide web access

• Human interface (browsing)
• Machine access (REST API, SPARQL endpoint)

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7. Major International Thesauri (What They Are and Why They Matter)

LCSH – Library of Congress Subject Headings

• Widely used in libraries worldwide
• Very broad subject coverage
• Ideal for general academic and public libraries

MeSH – Medical Subject Headings

• Used in medicine, health sciences, and biomedical research
• Highly structured; excellent for medical libraries

STW – Economics Thesaurus (Germany)

• Covers economics, finance, business
• Good for academic research institutions

Iconclass

• Used for art and iconography
• Helps describe visual content, paintings, images

TheSoz – Thesaurus for the Social Sciences

• Useful for social science libraries, NGOs, think tanks

EuroVoc

• A multilingual EU thesaurus
• Useful for legal, policy, governance, development studies

GND / SWD

• German authority file for persons, subjects, corporate bodies
• High-quality linked-data model
• Often used for authority control work

AGROVOC

• FAO’s multilingual agricultural thesaurus
• Useful for agriculture, food security, environment

AAT – Art & Architecture Thesaurus (Getty)

• Covers art, design, architecture
• Widely used in museums and heritage institutions

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8. Semantic Web in Libraries

Semantic web technologies allow library data to connect with global knowledge systems.

Benefits:

• Better discovery
• More accurate linking
• Reuse of global vocabularies
• Smarter search and knowledge services

Linked data transforms libraries into part of “a web of knowledge,” not isolated silos.

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9. SPARQL Access

SPARQL is a query language for retrieving and filtering linked data stored in RDF format.

What you can do with SPARQL:

• Search all terms related to a concept
• Retrieve broader/narrower terms
• Find SKOS concepts connected to records
• Integrate vocabularies with machine-learning tools

Libraries use SPARQL endpoints to:

• Build advanced search tools
• Run analytics on vocabularies
• Connect catalogs with external linked data resources

Example SPARQL questions:

• “Give me all concepts narrower than ‘Agriculture’ from AGROVOC.”
• “Find all terms in Nepali with English equivalents.”

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Bringing It All Together for Your Profession

As a library leader and knowledge director, these technologies help you:

1. Build a national-level thesaurus service (Nepal can model Finto/Skosmos).

Useful in national digital library, knowledge hubs, and educational platforms.

2. Improve cataloging quality & discoverability

By reusing LCSH, MeSH, AGROVOC, etc.

3. Integrate semantic web tools into Nepalese library systems

Using JSON-LD, REST APIs, SPARQL.

4. Enable multilingual and cross-institutional interoperability

Essential for Nepal's multilingual context.

5. Connect Nepalese library data to global networks

Making Nepal visible in the global linked-data ecosystem.

Summary,

In today’s data-driven world, libraries and knowledge institutions rely heavily on structured, consistent, and interoperable metadata. Controlled vocabularies and semantic-web technologies are becoming essential tools for organizing information, improving discovery, and connecting local knowledge to global networks. This article introduces key concepts—such as controlled vocabularies, thesauri, ontologies, SKOS, Skosmos, Finto, REST APIs, JSON-LD, and SPARQL—and explains how they shape modern knowledge management.

Readers will find clear explanations of major international vocabularies including LCSH, MeSH, AAT, EuroVoc, AGROVOC, STW, and more. The blog highlights how these resources strengthen cataloging, enhance multilingual access, and support linked-data integration across libraries, archives, and digital repositories. It also outlines the technical pathway for publishing a thesaurus on the web using SKOS standards and tools like Skosmos and RDF triple stores.

Whether you are working in a national library, a university, a research center, or a heritage institution, this guide shows how semantic-web practices can elevate metadata quality, promote interoperability, and help build smarter knowledge ecosystems. For knowledge managers in Nepal and around the world, adopting these technologies opens the door to more connected, discoverable, and future-ready information services.